Concept / Isometric projection

Isometric projection

A projection with parallel lines and equal axis scale

A projection that keeps parallel lines while showing three axes at equal angles.

A phrase to start with

Constructs space with isometric projection rather than vanishing-point convergence.

Appearance and effects

Parallel edges do not converge and several faces appear at equal scale.

Visual traits

  • Parallel lines
  • Equal axis scale
  • Several visible faces

Expected changes

  • Parallel lines are more likely to remain parallel
  • Several faces are easier to compare

Five examples

1 — Medium-sized dog
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2 — Cat
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3 — Teenage boy
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4 — Unoccupied interior
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5 — Valley with a river and mountain ranges
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Meaning and scope

Definition

It constructs objects and space with equally scaled axes rather than converging depth to a vanishing point. It differs from an oblique photo view and one-point perspective.

In more detail

It makes several faces of buildings, rooms, machines, or terrain visible at once. Viewpoint, subject, and medium remain separately selectable.

Includes

  • Axonometric projection that preserves parallel lines

Excludes

  • One-point perspective
  • Lens distortion
  • A merely oblique viewpoint

What this does not imply

  • A particular building
  • A particular viewpoint
  • A 3D rendering method

Variability

Axis orientation can vary with composition.

Usage and adjustments

Usage

  • Keep parallel lines parallel
  • Specify subject and medium separately

Distinguish similar expressions

  • Use one-point perspective when a vanishing point is required

Typical uses

  • Show several faces of a room or building
  • Diagram a game-like space

Possible failure modes

  • Lines converging to a vanishing point
  • Unequal scale among faces

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